Time zones¶
Support for time zones is enabled by default. Airflow stores datetime information in UTC internally and in the database. It allows you to run your DAGs with time zone dependent schedules. At the moment Airflow does not convert them to the end user’s time zone in the user interface. There it will always be displayed in UTC. Also templates used in Operators are not converted. Time zone information is exposed and it is up to the writer of DAG what do with it.
This is handy if your users live in more than one time zone and you want to display datetime information according to each user’s wall clock.
Even if you are running Airflow in only one time zone it is still good practice to store data in UTC in your database (also before Airflow became time zone aware this was also to recommended or even required setup). The main reason is Daylight Saving Time (DST). Many countries have a system of DST, where clocks are moved forward in spring and backward in autumn. If you’re working in local time, you’re likely to encounter errors twice a year, when the transitions happen. (The pendulum and pytz documentation discusses these issues in greater detail.) This probably doesn’t matter for a simple DAG, but it’s a problem if you are in, for example, financial services where you have end of day deadlines to meet.
The time zone is set in airflow.cfg. By default it is set to utc, but you change it to use the system’s settings or
an arbitrary IANA time zone, e.g. Europe/Amsterdam. It is dependent on pendulum, which is more accurate than pytz.
Pendulum is installed when you install Airflow.
Please note that the Web UI currently only runs in UTC.
Concepts¶
Naïve and aware datetime objects¶
Python’s datetime.datetime objects have a tzinfo attribute that can be used to store time zone information, represented as an instance of a subclass of datetime.tzinfo. When this attribute is set and describes an offset, a datetime object is aware. Otherwise, it’s naive.
You can use timezone.is_aware() and timezone.is_naive() to determine whether datetimes are aware or naive.
Because Airflow uses time-zone-aware datetime objects. If your code creates datetime objects they need to be aware too.
from airflow.utils import timezone
now = timezone.utcnow()
a_date = timezone.datetime(2017,1,1)
Interpretation of naive datetime objects¶
Although Airflow operates fully time zone aware, it still accepts naive date time objects for start_dates
and end_dates in your DAG definitions. This is mostly in order to preserve backwards compatibility. In
case a naive start_date or end_date is encountered the default time zone is applied. It is applied
in such a way that it is assumed that the naive date time is already in the default time zone. In other
words if you have a default time zone setting of Europe/Amsterdam and create a naive datetime start_date of
datetime(2017,1,1) it is assumed to be a start_date of Jan 1, 2017 Amsterdam time.
default_args=dict(
start_date=datetime(2016, 1, 1),
owner='Airflow'
)
dag = DAG('my_dag', default_args=default_args)
op = DummyOperator(task_id='dummy', dag=dag)
print(op.owner) # Airflow
Unfortunately, during DST transitions, some datetimes don’t exist or are ambiguous. In such situations, pendulum raises an exception. That’s why you should always create aware datetime objects when time zone support is enabled.
In practice, this is rarely an issue. Airflow gives you aware datetime objects in the models and DAGs, and most often, new datetime objects are created from existing ones through timedelta arithmetic. The only datetime that’s often created in application code is the current time, and timezone.utcnow() automatically does the right thing.
Default time zone¶
The default time zone is the time zone defined by the default_timezone setting under [core]. If
you just installed Airflow it will be set to utc, which is recommended. You can also set it to
system or an IANA time zone (e.g.``Europe/Amsterdam``). DAGs are also evaluated on Airflow workers,
it is therefore important to make sure this setting is equal on all Airflow nodes.
[core]
default_timezone = utc
Time zone aware DAGs¶
Creating a time zone aware DAG is quite simple. Just make sure to supply a time zone aware start_date
using pendulum.
import pendulum
local_tz = pendulum.timezone("Europe/Amsterdam")
default_args=dict(
start_date=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=local_tz),
owner='Airflow'
)
dag = DAG('my_tz_dag', default_args=default_args)
op = DummyOperator(task_id='dummy', dag=dag)
print(dag.timezone) # <Timezone [Europe/Amsterdam]>
Please note that while it is possible to set a start_date and end_date for Tasks always the DAG timezone
or global timezone (in that order) will be used to calculate the next execution date. Upon first encounter
the start date or end date will be converted to UTC using the timezone associated with start_date or end_date,
then for calculations this timezone information will be disregarded.
Templates¶
Airflow returns time zone aware datetimes in templates, but does not convert them to local time so they remain in UTC. It is left up to the DAG to handle this.
import pendulum
local_tz = pendulum.timezone("Europe/Amsterdam")
local_tz.convert(execution_date)
Cron schedules¶
In case you set a cron schedule, Airflow assumes you will always want to run at the exact same time. It will then ignore day light savings time. Thus, if you have a schedule that says run at end of interval every day at 08:00 GMT+1 it will always run end of interval 08:00 GMT+1, regardless if day light savings time is in place.
Time deltas¶
For schedules with time deltas Airflow assumes you always will want to run with the specified interval. So if you specify a timedelta(hours=2) you will always want to run to hours later. In this case day light savings time will be taken into account.