Dynamic Task Mapping

Dynamic Task Mapping allows a way for a workflow to create a number of tasks at runtime based upon current data, rather than the DAG author having to know in advance how many tasks would be needed.

This is similar to defining your tasks in a for loop, but instead of having the DAG file fetch the data and do that itself, the scheduler can do this based on the output of a previous task. Right before a mapped task is executed the scheduler will create n copies of the task, one for each input.

It is also possible to have a task operate on the collected output of a mapped task, commonly known as map and reduce.

Simple mapping

In its simplest form you can map over a list defined directly in your DAG file using the expand() function instead of calling your task directly.

from datetime import datetime

from airflow import DAG
from airflow.decorators import task


with DAG(dag_id="simple_mapping", start_date=datetime(2022, 3, 4)) as dag:

    @task
    def add_one(x: int):
        return x + 1

    @task
    def sum_it(values):
        total = sum(values)
        print(f"Total was {total}")

    added_values = add_one.expand(x=[1, 2, 3])
    sum_it(added_values)

This will show Total was 9 in the task logs when executed.

This is the resulting DAG structure:

../_images/mapping-simple-graph.png

The grid view also provides visibility into your mapped tasks in the details panel:

../_images/mapping-simple-grid.png

Note

Only keyword arguments are allowed to be passed to expand().

Note

Values passed from the mapped task is a lazy proxy

In the above example, values received by sum_it is an aggregation of all values returned by each mapped instance of add_one. However, since it is impossible to know how many instances of add_one we will have in advance, values is not a normal list, but a “lazy sequence” that retrieves each individual value only when asked. Therefore, if you run print(values) directly, you would get something like this:

_LazyXComAccess(dag_id='simple_mapping', run_id='test_run', task_id='add_one')

You can use normal sequence syntax on this object (e.g. values[0]), or iterate through it normally with a for loop. list(values) will give you a “real” list, but please be aware of the potential performance implications if the list is large.

Note

A reduce task is not required.

Although we show a “reduce” task here (sum_it) you don’t have to have one, the mapped tasks will still be executed even if they have no downstream tasks.

Repeated Mapping

The result of one mapped task can also be used as input to the next mapped task.

with DAG(dag_id="repeated_mapping", start_date=datetime(2022, 3, 4)) as dag:

    @task
    def add_one(x: int):
        return x + 1

    first = add_one.expand(x=[1, 2, 3])
    second = add_one.expand(x=first)

This would have a result of [3, 4, 5].

Constant parameters

As well as passing arguments that get expanded at run-time, it is possible to pass arguments that don’t change – in order to clearly differentiate between the two kinds we use different functions, expand() for mapped arguments, and partial() for unmapped ones.

@task
def add(x: int, y: int):
    return x + y


added_values = add.partial(y=10).expand(x=[1, 2, 3])
# This results in add function being expanded to
# add(x=1, y=10)
# add(x=2, y=10)
# add(x=3, y=10)

This would result in values of 11, 12, and 13.

This is also useful for passing things such as connection IDs, database table names, or bucket names to tasks.

Mapping over multiple parameters

As well as a single parameter it is possible to pass multiple parameters to expand. This will have the effect of creating a “cross product”, calling the mapped task with each combination of parameters.

@task
def add(x: int, y: int):
    return x + y


added_values = add.expand(x=[2, 4, 8], y=[5, 10])
# This results in the add function being called with
# add(x=2, y=5)
# add(x=2, y=10)
# add(x=4, y=5)
# add(x=4, y=10)
# add(x=8, y=5)
# add(x=8, y=10)

This would result in the add task being called 6 times. Please note however that the order of expansion is not guaranteed.

It is not possible to achieve an effect similar to Python’s zip function with mapped arguments.

Task-generated Mapping

Up until now the examples we’ve shown could all be achieved with a for loop in the DAG file, but the real power of dynamic task mapping comes from being able to have a task generate the list to iterate over.

@task
def make_list():
    # This can also be from an API call, checking a database, -- almost anything you like, as long as the
    # resulting list/dictionary can be stored in the current XCom backend.
    return [1, 2, {"a": "b"}, "str"]


@task
def consumer(arg):
    print(arg)


with DAG(dag_id="dynamic-map", start_date=datetime(2022, 4, 2)) as dag:
    consumer.expand(arg=make_list())

The make_list task runs as a normal task and must return a list or dict (see What data types can be expanded?), and then the consumer task will be called four times, once with each value in the return of make_list.

Mapping with non-TaskFlow operators

It is possible to use partial and expand with classic style operators as well. Some arguments are not mappable and must be passed to partial(), such as task_id, queue, pool, and most other arguments to BaseOperator.

BashOperator.partial(task_id="bash", do_xcom_push=False).expand(bash_command=["echo 1", "echo 2"])

Note

Only keyword arguments are allowed to be passed to partial().

Mapping over result of classic operators

If you want to map over the result of a classic operator, you should explicitly reference the output, instead of the operator itself.

# Create a list of data inputs.
extract = ExtractOperator(task_id="extract")

# Expand the operator to transform each input.
transform = TransformOperator.partial(task_id="transform").expand(input=extract.output)

# Collect the transformed inputs, expand the operator to load each one of them to the target.
load = LoadOperator.partial(task_id="load").expand(input=transform.output)

Mixing TaskFlow and classic operators

In this example you have a regular data delivery to an S3 bucket and want to apply the same processing to every file that arrives, no matter how many arrive each time.

from datetime import datetime

from airflow import DAG
from airflow.decorators import task
from airflow.providers.amazon.aws.hooks.s3 import S3Hook
from airflow.providers.amazon.aws.operators.s3 import S3ListOperator


with DAG(dag_id="mapped_s3", start_date=datetime(2020, 4, 7)) as dag:
    list_filenames = S3ListOperator(
        task_id="get_input",
        bucket="example-bucket",
        prefix='incoming/provider_a/{{ data_interval_start.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") }}',
    )

    @task
    def count_lines(aws_conn_id, bucket, filename):
        hook = S3Hook(aws_conn_id=aws_conn_id)

        return len(hook.read_key(filename, bucket).splitlines())

    @task
    def total(lines):
        return sum(lines)

    counts = count_lines.partial(aws_conn_id="aws_default", bucket=list_filenames.bucket).expand(
        filename=list_filenames.output
    )

    total(lines=counts)

Assigning multiple parameters to a non-TaskFlow operator

Sometimes an upstream needs to specify multiple arguments to a downstream operator. To do this, you can use the expand_kwargs function, which takes a sequence of mappings to map against.

BashOperator.partial(task_id="bash").expand_kwargs(
    [
        {"bash_command": "echo $ENV1", "env": {"ENV1": "1"}},
        {"bash_command": "printf $ENV2", "env": {"ENV2": "2"}},
    ],
)

This produces two task instances at run-time printing 1 and 2 respectively.

Similar to expand, you can also map against a XCom that returns a list of dicts, or a list of XComs each returning a dict. Re-using the S3 example above, you can use a mapped task to perform “branching” and copy files to different buckets:

list_filenames = S3ListOperator(...)  # Same as the above example.


@task
def create_copy_kwargs(filename):
    if filename.rsplit(".", 1)[-1] not in ("json", "yml"):
        dest_bucket_name = "my_text_bucket"
    else:
        dest_bucket_name = "my_other_bucket"
    return {
        "source_bucket_key": filename,
        "dest_bucket_key": filename,
        "dest_bucket_name": dest_bucket_name,
    }


copy_kwargs = create_copy_kwargs.expand(filename=list_filenames.output)

# Copy files to another bucket, based on the file's extension.
copy_filenames = S3CopyObjectOperator.partial(
    task_id="copy_files", source_bucket_name=list_filenames.bucket
).expand_kwargs(copy_kwargs)

Filtering items from an expanded task

A mapped task can remove any elements from being passed on to its downstream tasks by returning None. For example, if we want to only copy files from an S3 bucket to another with certain extensions, we could implement create_copy_kwargs like this instead:

@task
def create_copy_kwargs(filename):
    # Skip files not ending with these suffixes.
    if filename.rsplit(".", 1)[-1] not in ("json", "yml"):
        return None
    return {
        "source_bucket_key": filename,
        "dest_bucket_key": filename,
        "dest_bucket_name": "my_other_bucket",
    }


# copy_kwargs and copy_files are implemented the same.

This makes copy_files only expand against .json and .yml files, while ignoring the rest.

Transforming mapped data

Since it is common to want to transform the output data format for task mapping, especially from a non-TaskFlow operator, where the output format is pre-determined and cannot be easily converted (such as create_copy_kwargs in the above example), a special map() function can be used to easily perform this kind of transformation. The above example can therefore be modified like this:

from airflow.exceptions import AirflowSkipException

filenames = S3ListOperator(...)  # Unchanged.


def create_copy_kwargs(filename):
    if filename.rsplit(".", 1)[-1] not in ("json", "yml"):
        raise AirflowSkipException(f"skipping {filename!r}; unexpected suffix")
    return {
        "source_bucket_key": filename,
        "dest_bucket_key": filename,
        "dest_bucket_name": "my_other_bucket",
    }


copy_kwargs = list_filenames.output.map(create_copy_kwargs)

# Unchanged.
copy_filenames = S3CopyObjectOperator.partial(...).expand_kwargs(copy_kwargs)

There are a couple of things to note:

  1. The callable argument of map() (create_copy_kwargs in the example) must not be a task, but a plain Python function. The transformation is as a part of the “pre-processing” of the downstream task (i.e. copy_files), not a standalone task in the DAG.

  2. The callable always take exactly one positional argument. This function is called for each item in the iterable used for task-mapping, similar to how Python’s built-in map() works.

  3. Since the callable is executed as a part of the downstream task, you can use any existing techniques to write the task function. To mark a component as skipped, for example, you should raise AirflowSkipException. Note that returning None does not work here.

Combining upstream data (aka “zipping”)

It is also to want to combine multiple input sources into one task mapping iterable. This is generally known as “zipping” (like Python’s built-in zip() function), and is also performed as pre-processing of the downstream task.

This is especially useful for conditional logic in task mapping. For example, if you want to download files from S3, but rename those files, something like this would be possible:

list_filenames_a = S3ListOperator(
    task_id="list_files_in_a",
    bucket="bucket",
    prefix="incoming/provider_a/{{ data_interval_start|ds }}",
)
list_filenames_b = ["rename_1", "rename_2", "rename_3", ...]

filenames_a_b = list_filenames_a.output.zip(list_filenames_b)


@task
def download_filea_from_a_rename(filenames_a_b):
    fn_a, fn_b = filenames_a_b
    S3Hook().download_file(fn_a, local_path=fn_b)


download_filea_from_a_rename.expand(filenames_a_b=filenames_a_b)

The zip function takes arbitrary positional arguments, and return an iterable of tuples of the positional arguments’ count. By default, the zipped iterable’s length is the same as the shortest of the zipped iterables, with superfluous items dropped. An optional keyword argument default can be passed to switch the behavior to match Python’s itertools.zip_longest—the zipped iterable will have the same length as the longest of the zipped iterables, with missing items filled with the value provided by default.

What data types can be expanded?

Currently it is only possible to map against a dict, a list, or one of those types stored in XCom as the result of a task.

If an upstream task returns an unmappable type, the mapped task will fail at run-time with an UnmappableXComTypePushed exception. For instance, you can’t have the upstream task return a plain string – it must be a list or a dict.

How do templated fields and mapped arguments interact?

All arguments to an operator can be mapped, even those that do not accept templated parameters.

If a field is marked as being templated and is mapped, it will not be templated.

For example, this will print {{ ds }} and not a date stamp:

@task
def make_list():
    return ["{{ ds }}"]


@task
def printer(val):
    print(val)


printer.expand(val=make_list())

If you want to interpolate values either call task.render_template yourself, or use interpolation:

@task
def make_list(ds=None):
    return [ds]


@task
def make_list(**context):
    return [context["task"].render_template("{{ ds }}", context)]

Placing limits on mapped tasks

There are two limits that you can place on a task:

  1. the number of mapped task instances can be created as the result of expansion.

  2. The number of the mapped task can run at once.

  • Limiting number of mapped task

    The [core] max_map_length config option is the maximum number of tasks that expand can create – the default value is 1024.

    If a source task (make_list in our earlier example) returns a list longer than this it will result in that task failing.

  • Limiting parallel copies of a mapped task

    If you wish to not have a large mapped task consume all available runner slots you can use the max_active_tis_per_dag setting on the task to restrict how many can be running at the same time.

    Note however that this applies to all copies of that task against all active DagRuns, not just to this one specific DagRun.

    @task(max_active_tis_per_dag=16)
def add_one(x: int):
    return x + 1


BashOperator.partial(task_id="my_task", max_active_tis_per_dag=16).expand(bash_command=commands)

Automatically skipping zero-length maps

If the input is empty (zero length), no new tasks will be created and the mapped task will be marked as SKIPPED.

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